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~ The more I studied beekeeping, the less I knew, until, finally, I knew nothing. But, even though I knew nothing, I still had plenty to unlearn. Charles Martin Simon

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Tag Archives: disease management

Chalkbrood: A common spring disease by The Daily Guide to Beekeeping

04 Monday Feb 2019

Posted by sassafrasbeefarm in beekeeping, diseases

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chalkbrood, disease management, diseases, honey bee diseases

Many diseases and pathogens infect honey bee colonies, but chalkbrood is likely the most common among beekeepers. Ascosphaera apis causes chalkbrood, which is a fungal brood disease. Beekeepers commonly detect chalkbrood in the spring because chalkbrood is considered a stress-related disease. However, chalkbrood is observed throughout the year. Many times, chalkbrood becomes established in colonies because of many interacting factors, such as environmental stressors, genetic makeup of colonies and beekeeping practices. Chalkbrood contaminates larvae when nurse bees admix chalkbrood spores with brood food. The fungal spores out-compete larvae for food and eventually, turn larvae into “chalk-like” mummies. Beekeepers can observe chalkbrood in many colors, ranging from white to grey to black. As larvae turn black, the chalkbrood begins producing fruiting bodies, which are highly infectious. Beekeepers can find these mummies at the entrance or bottom boards, especially if chalkbrood is widespread. At this point these mummies can spread spores to other colonies in the area. Chalkbrood often infects 3-4 day larvae, and can be found as uncapped or capped larvae. If the colony shakes a frame with capped chalkbrood, the frame will rattle when shaken.  

Read the fully article here: Chalkbrood: A common spring disease — The Daily Guide to Beekeeping

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Disease Management and Guidelines for the Honey Bee by NC State Extension

06 Wednesday Jun 2018

Posted by sassafrasbeefarm in beekeeping, beekeeping pest management, diseases, pests

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disease management, diseases of honey bees, honey bee pests, management, management of honey bee disaeses and pests, pests

varroa_mite_2

“It is the goal of every beekeeper to maintain healthy, productive colonies. This can only be accomplished by reducing the frequency and prevalence of disease within beehives. The following is an outline of recommendations for detecting and treating colonies for economically important parasites and pathogens of honey bees so that beekeepers may achieve this goal, and do so in a sustainable way for the long-term health of their colonies.”


Overview
Disease/Pest Causative Agent Symptoms
Adult Parasites
Varroa mites The parasitic mite Varroa destructor Presence of adult mites, deformed wings
Tracheal mites The parasitic mite Acarapis woodi K-wings, morbidity
Nosema The protozoan Nosema apis Diarrhea, distended abdomens
Brood Pathogens
American foulbrood (AFB) The bacterium Paenibacillus larvae Discolored larvae, foul smelling brood, ropy remains, scale
European foulbrood (EFB) The bacterium Melissococcus pluton and associated flora Discolored larvae, foul smelling brood, non-ropy remains, no scale
Chalkbrood The fungus Ascophaera apis White or black mummies in cells or on bottom board
Sacbrood A viral infection Brown larvae in the curled “canoe” shape
Hive Pests
Wax moths Larvae of Galaria mellonella Silk cocoons and/or tunnels
Small hive beetle (SHB) Larvae of Aethinda tumida Wet combs, maggot-like larvae

Read the full Extension Guide titled “Disease Management and Guidelines for the Honey Bee by NC State Extension here: https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/disease-management-and-guidelines-for-the-honey-bee

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Deformed Wing Virus by Prime Bees – College Station Bee & Honey Farm

07 Monday May 2018

Posted by sassafrasbeefarm in bee health, beekeeping, diseases, varroa destructor, varroa mites

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deformed wing virus, disease management, diseases, varroa mites, viri

All too often when people hear that I am a beekeeper they ask me, “What’s killing the bees?” Of course there is no one reason but viri spread by Varroa mites is one reason I bring up along with a couple other reasons. Here is a good summary by Prime Bees of what’s happening with the mites and the viri they spread. – Sassafras Bee Farm

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a highly viral disease transmitted by Varroa destructor. The disease is commonly found in colonies infested with mites. Deformed Wing Virus is regarded as deadly due to its ability to spread fast in any colony. It causes massive wing deformation in bees making it difficult for them to live normally. DWV which is regarded as a low-grade infectious disease is commonly triggered by mite infestations. It has a reputation for being massively destructive leading to the decimation of well-established colonies globally. The deformed wing virus is common in late summer and early fall. A high concentration of mites can be overwhelming for any bee colony.

DWV occurs when varroa mites which are external parasites feed on the hemolymph of both developing and mature bees after attacking them. Consequently; it reduces their lifespan drastically while spreading the deadly disease to the rest of the colony members. The Varroa mite can trigger the virus transmission from one infected bee to the entire colony within a very short span of time. Their vectored viruses are notorious at affecting honeybees immune systems hence leaving them exposed to risks of DWV. This wing deformity is a sign of a high viral load on the bees, and ultimately, bees need their wings to survive. Those with deformed wings cannot forage. 

Read full article here: Deformed Wing Virus — Prime Bees – College Station Bee & Honey Farm

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